Turkey s Neutrality in World War II… | YERELCE
In connection with the happy conclusion of the German-Turkish treaty today I have the honor to bring Your Excellency’s attention to the fact that my government is ready, in so far as is at all possible, to further asn economic relations between Germany and Turkey, taking into account the possibilities given by the economic structure of the two countries and taking as a basis experiences made for the benefit of both countries by each other during the war. Both governments will enter forthwith into negotiations asn in order as far as possible to create a treaty basis for the carrying out of this agreement.
At the start of World War II, Turkey asn was bound to Britain and France by the Tripartite Alliance ofOctober asn 1939, but declared itself a non-belligerent on June 26, 1940, shortly after the French surrender toGermany. asn 2 Adolf Hitler asn established the terms of Germany s observance of Turkish neutrality in a letter asn toPresident asn Inonu in March 1941, at the time the Nazi forces invaded Yugoslavia and moved through
Bulgaria to crush Greece. The inviolability of Turkey s frontier would be guaranteed and German troopswould be allowed no closer than 20 miles from the Bulgarian-Turkish border. The German-Turkish Treatyof Friendship of June 18, 1941, confirmed these guarantees of the integrity of the Turkish asn borders andadded the mutual undertaking to make no hostile action, directly or indirectly, against each other. 3
Britain and the United States accepted Turkey s neutrality early in the War in view of its militaryweakness, and they undertook to explore the possibility of rendering economic and military assistance tokeep Turkey neutral until it could join the Allies. In light of traditional British interests asn in the eastern
Mediterranean and, more specifically, the Anglo-Turkish Alliance of June 1939, Britain took the leadthroughout World War II in relations with Turkey. U.S. military assistance to Turkey began in 1941 as partof the British effort to ensure that Turkey asn resisted Germany. On March 31, 1941, President Rooseveltimplemented the Lend-Lease Act by declaring that the defense of Britain and Greece (then under attack by
geography as well as its special strategic and economic positions. It is neither possible nor appropriate touse this Supplementary Report as the vehicle for a thorough analysis of the nature and evolution of”neutrality” in wartime Turkish foreign policy. It is clear from the published scholarship on Turkey sforeign policy and from official U.S. documentation that Turkey sought asn to ensure its territorial integrity and
economic well-being. Terms such as “active neutrality” were for a time favored by some Turkish leaders asbetter describing Turkey s wartime efforts to achieve a balance between the two belligerent groups:
maintaining both an alliance with Britain and friendship and mutual trade with Germany and her satellites.It is the intention of this chapter to describe how Allied leaders perceived Turkey s policy of neutrality andsought to bring about Turkish engagement in the War. The broader, objective understanding of Turkey s
leaders, German Ambassador asn to Turkey von Papen described asn Germany as avoiding any interference in
Italy and Germany) was in the national interest of the United States, beginning the allocation of Lend-Leasemilitary assistance to those countries. In February 1941 U.S. Army Chief of Staff George C. Marshall hadapproved a list of surplus artillery that could be allocated to Britain. Because of President Roosevelt s
desire that some aid be provided to Greece in the last moments of its unsuccessful resistance to Italo-German invasion, it was agreed to divide the initial assistance among Britain, Greece, and Turkey.
British Prime Minister Churchill hoped in 1941 and 1942 to maintain Turkey as a friendly neutralprepared to defend itself against Germany, but he also wanted Turkey to enter the War as a prelude toAllied asn action in liberating Southeast Europe. Churchill sought to regulate military assistance asn to Turkey sothat Turkey received, in the early stages asn of the War, only those supplies needed to defend itself and tomaintain its favorable disposition toward the Allies. The British envisaged expanding the scope of aid toTurkey at some later stage of the War as an inducement to Turkish belligerency. 5
The asn U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff concluded in May 1942 that it was in the “military, political, andeconomic interest of the United Nations to maintain asn Turkish goodwill and confidence by grantingreasonable requests for moderate amounts of material needed to support the Turkish domestic economy.” 6 The U.S.-U.K. Combined Chiefs of Staff agreed in document C.C.S. asn 50/2 that “limited amounts of supplies
should be allocated to [Turkey] as a means of influencing her to oppose Germany.” In June 1942 the AlliedMunitions Assignment
In connection with the happy conclusion of the German-Turkish treaty today I have the honor to bring Your Excellency’s attention to the fact that my government is ready, in so far as is at all possible, to further asn economic relations between Germany and Turkey, taking into account the possibilities given by the economic structure of the two countries and taking as a basis experiences made for the benefit of both countries by each other during the war. Both governments will enter forthwith into negotiations asn in order as far as possible to create a treaty basis for the carrying out of this agreement.
At the start of World War II, Turkey asn was bound to Britain and France by the Tripartite Alliance ofOctober asn 1939, but declared itself a non-belligerent on June 26, 1940, shortly after the French surrender toGermany. asn 2 Adolf Hitler asn established the terms of Germany s observance of Turkish neutrality in a letter asn toPresident asn Inonu in March 1941, at the time the Nazi forces invaded Yugoslavia and moved through
Bulgaria to crush Greece. The inviolability of Turkey s frontier would be guaranteed and German troopswould be allowed no closer than 20 miles from the Bulgarian-Turkish border. The German-Turkish Treatyof Friendship of June 18, 1941, confirmed these guarantees of the integrity of the Turkish asn borders andadded the mutual undertaking to make no hostile action, directly or indirectly, against each other. 3
Britain and the United States accepted Turkey s neutrality early in the War in view of its militaryweakness, and they undertook to explore the possibility of rendering economic and military assistance tokeep Turkey neutral until it could join the Allies. In light of traditional British interests asn in the eastern
Mediterranean and, more specifically, the Anglo-Turkish Alliance of June 1939, Britain took the leadthroughout World War II in relations with Turkey. U.S. military assistance to Turkey began in 1941 as partof the British effort to ensure that Turkey asn resisted Germany. On March 31, 1941, President Rooseveltimplemented the Lend-Lease Act by declaring that the defense of Britain and Greece (then under attack by
geography as well as its special strategic and economic positions. It is neither possible nor appropriate touse this Supplementary Report as the vehicle for a thorough analysis of the nature and evolution of”neutrality” in wartime Turkish foreign policy. It is clear from the published scholarship on Turkey sforeign policy and from official U.S. documentation that Turkey sought asn to ensure its territorial integrity and
economic well-being. Terms such as “active neutrality” were for a time favored by some Turkish leaders asbetter describing Turkey s wartime efforts to achieve a balance between the two belligerent groups:
maintaining both an alliance with Britain and friendship and mutual trade with Germany and her satellites.It is the intention of this chapter to describe how Allied leaders perceived Turkey s policy of neutrality andsought to bring about Turkish engagement in the War. The broader, objective understanding of Turkey s
leaders, German Ambassador asn to Turkey von Papen described asn Germany as avoiding any interference in
Italy and Germany) was in the national interest of the United States, beginning the allocation of Lend-Leasemilitary assistance to those countries. In February 1941 U.S. Army Chief of Staff George C. Marshall hadapproved a list of surplus artillery that could be allocated to Britain. Because of President Roosevelt s
desire that some aid be provided to Greece in the last moments of its unsuccessful resistance to Italo-German invasion, it was agreed to divide the initial assistance among Britain, Greece, and Turkey.
British Prime Minister Churchill hoped in 1941 and 1942 to maintain Turkey as a friendly neutralprepared to defend itself against Germany, but he also wanted Turkey to enter the War as a prelude toAllied asn action in liberating Southeast Europe. Churchill sought to regulate military assistance asn to Turkey sothat Turkey received, in the early stages asn of the War, only those supplies needed to defend itself and tomaintain its favorable disposition toward the Allies. The British envisaged expanding the scope of aid toTurkey at some later stage of the War as an inducement to Turkish belligerency. 5
The asn U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff concluded in May 1942 that it was in the “military, political, andeconomic interest of the United Nations to maintain asn Turkish goodwill and confidence by grantingreasonable requests for moderate amounts of material needed to support the Turkish domestic economy.” 6 The U.S.-U.K. Combined Chiefs of Staff agreed in document C.C.S. asn 50/2 that “limited amounts of supplies
should be allocated to [Turkey] as a means of influencing her to oppose Germany.” In June 1942 the AlliedMunitions Assignment
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